The emergence of neural translators in regulated language activity systems: Distortions, conflicts and innovations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2022-196Keywords:
neural translators, basque language, revitalization of minority languages, regulated activity systemsAbstract
Artificial intelligence based on neural networks is assuming a revolution in the technologization of linguistic activities of all kinds. The processing or understanding of natural language and the automatic recognition of speech and its applications will change language relations and activities and communication in general. In this article we present the approach and first steps of an ongoing research on the impact of artificial intelligence and, in particular, on the challenges and opportunities of its applications, neural translators in the case of a minority language in the process of revitalization, the Basque language.The study focuses on functional and regulated activity systems that explicitly target both language skills and habits and collective capacities for the live use of the Basque language. It examines the impact, distortions and innovations that technology is producing and those that it can produce in the near future in the light of the tension between objectives, standards and resources.
Downloads
References
Alegria, I., Cabezón, U., Fernández de Betoño, U., Labaka, G., Mayor, A., Sarasola, K., & Zubiaga (2013). Reciprocal Enrichment between Basque Wikipedia and Machine Translation. En I. Gurevych & J. Kim. (Eds), The People’s Web Meets NLP. Theory and Applications of Natural Language Processing (pp. 101-118). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35085-6_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35085-6_4
Álvarez, M. (2018). Los desafíos digitales en el mercado de la traducción. Caracteres. Estudios culturales y críticos de la esfera digital, 7(2), 193-215.
Aranberri, N., Labaka, G., Diaz de Ilarraza, A., & Sarasola, K. (2014). Comparison of post-editing productivity between professional translators and lay users. En S. O'Brien, M. Simard & L. Specia (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Post-Editing Technology and Practice (WPTP - 3) (pp. 20–33). Association for Machine Translation in the Americas. https://aclanthology.org/2014.amta-wptp.2
Arrasate, M. (2021). Itzultzaile automatiko neuronala EAEko Administrazioan, Senez, 52, 189-212.
Aztiria, J. (2022). Itzulpen automatikoa: euskara hutsezko hedabideetatik euskara ardatz duten proiektu komunikatibo eleaniztunetara. Euskal Hedabideen Urtekaria 2021, Behategia, 114-132.
Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate (v1). arXiv, 1409.0473. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1409.0473
Barcelona Supercomputing Center. (2021). El primer sistema masivo de Inteligencia Artificial de la lengua española, MarIA, empieza a resumir y generar textos. https://acortar.link/xwVz66
Bridle, J. (2020). La nueva edad oscura. Debate.
Bromham, L., Dinnage, R., Skirgård, H., Ritchie, A., Cardillo, M., Meakins, F., Greenhill, S., & Hua, X. (2022). Global predictors of language endangerment and the future of linguistic diversity. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6, 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01604-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01604-y
Cardon, D. (2018). Con qué sueñan los algoritmos. Dado.
Carr, N. (2011). ¿Qué está haciendo Internet con nuestras mentes? Taurus. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12795/AdMIRA.2011.01.11
Carr, N. (2014). Atrapados. Cómo las máquinas se apoderan de nuestras vidas. Taurus.
Carr, N. (2019). La pesadilla tecnológica. El Salmón.
Christensen Clayton, M. (1997). The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Harvard Business Review Press.
Cortés, I. (2017). Begirada bat itzulpen automatikoko sistemen bilakaerari. Elhuyar: zientzia eta teknika, 327, 40-41.
Cortés, I., & Jauregi, S. (2019). Itzultzaile automatikoa: mehatxua ala aukera? Senez, 50, 225-230.
Crawford, M. (2015). The World beyond Your Head: On Becoming an Individual in an Age of Distraction. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Daniels, H., Edwards, A., Engeström, Y., Gallagher, T., & Ludvigsen, S. (2010). Activity Theory in Practice. Promoting learning across boundaries and agencies. Routledge.
Engeström, Y. (2005). Developmental Work Research: Expanding Activity Theory in Practice. Lehmanns Media.
Engeström, Y., Miettinen, R., & Punamäki, R.-L. (1999). Perspectives on Activity Theory. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812774
Forcada, M. L. (2017). Making sense of neural machine translation. Translation spaces, 6(2), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.6.2.06for DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.6.2.06for
Gerken, M. (2020). Facilitating the implementation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages through artificial intelligence. Secretariat of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages-Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/min-lang-2022-4-ai-and-ecrml-en/1680a657c5
Gobierno de España. (2020). PERTE Nueva economía de la lengua. Memoria ejecutiva. https://acortar.link/5KkWEt
Gobierno Vasco. (2016). Sistema de Indicadores del Euskera. Departamento de Cultura y Política Lingüística. https://acortar.link/jCtnLE
Gobierno Vasco. (2016). VI Encuesta Sociolingüística. Gobierno Vasco.
Hekimen, Asociación de Medios Sociales en Euskera. (2022). Itzulpen Automatikoa: aukerka eta arriskuak [Video]. https://acortar.link/kb7gYG
Hu, K., & Cadwell, P. (2016). A Comparative Study of Post-editing Guidelines. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation, 346–353. https://aclanthology.org/W16-3420
Hui, Y. (2020). Fragmentar el Futuro. Ensayos sobre Tecnodiversidad. Caja Negra.
Iñaurrieta, U. y Aranberri, N. (2021). Postedizio Lantegia: ikastaroaren gakoak, Senez, 52, 165-187.
Kornai, A. (2013). Digital Language Death. PLoS ONE, 8(10): e77056. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077056
Lash, S. (2005). Crítica de la información. Amorrortu.
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory reassembling the social oxford. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199256044.001.0001
Leturia, I. y Aztiria, J. (2021). Adimen artifiziala eta euskararen erabilera: aukerak eta eragin-eremu berriak. Hermes, 69, 84-88.
Lewis, H. y McLeod, W. (2021). Governance, Policy-Making and Language Revitalisation. En H. Lewis & W. McLeod (Eds.), Language Revitalisation and Social Transformation (pp. 343-362). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80189-2_13
Lewis, H. y Royles, E. (2018). Language revitalisation and social transformation: Evaluating the language policy frameworks of sub-state governments in Wales and Scotland. Policy & Politics 46(3), 503-529. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317X14938075758958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317X14938075758958
Lovink, G. (2019). Tristes por diseño: las redes sociales como ideología. Consonni.
Mellinger, C. D. (2017). Translator and Machine Translation: Knowledge and Skills Gaps in Translator Pedagogy. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 11(4), 280-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2017.1359760 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2017.1359760
Moorkens, J. (2018). What to Expect from Neural Machine Translation: A Practical In-class Translation Evaluation Exercise. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 12(4), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2018.1501639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2018.1501639
Moseley, Ch. y Alexandre, N. (2010). The UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Dange. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000189453
Nardi, B. A. (1996). Activity theory and human computer interaction. En B. A. Nardi (Ed.), Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 1-8). MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2137.001.0001
OECD. (2021). AI and the Future of Skills, Volume 1: Capabilities and Assessments. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5ee71f34-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/5ee71f34-en
Ong, W. J. (2002). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203426258
Perez de Viñaspre, O. (2020). Itzulbide: osasun-txostenen itzulpen automatiko neuronala, Osagaiz, 4(1), 33-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26876/osagaiz.0.2020.340
Pimienta, D. (2021). Versión nueva y mejorada de un enfoque alternativo para la producción de indicadores lingüísticos en la Internet. Observatorio de la diversidad lingüística y cultural en la Internet. http://funredes.org/lc2021/ALI%20V2-ES.pdf
Prys, D., Jones, D., Prys, G., Watkins, G., Cooper, S., Roberts, J. C., Butcher, P., Farhat, L., Teahan, W. y Prys, M. (2021). Language and Technology in Wales: Volume I. Prifysgol Bangor University.
Pym, A. y Torres, E. (2019) Efectos de la automatización en las competencias básicas del traductor: la traducción automática neuronal. En A. Vidal & A. Alarcón (Eds.), Ocupaciones y lenguaje: Indicadores y análisis de competencias lingüísticas en el ámbito laboral (pp. 475-506). Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
Real Academia de la Lengua. (2019). La RAE presenta el proyecto Lengua Española e Inteligencia Artificial (LEIA) en el XVI Congreso de la ASALE. https://acortar.link/elGYso
Reed, S. K. (2020). Cognitive Skills You Need for the 21st Century. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529003.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529003.001.0001
Rehm, G. y Uszkoreit, H. (Eds.). (2012). The Basque Language in the Digital Age. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30796-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30796-6
Russell, S. y Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall-Pearson Education.
Sadin, E. (2017). La humanidad aumentada. La administración digital del mundo. Editorial Caja Negra.
Sadin, E. (2020). La inteligencia artificial o el desafío del siglo. Anatomía de un antihumanismo radical. Editorial Caja Negra.
Sandoval, E. (2018). Aprendizaje e inteligencia artificial en la era digital: implicancias socio-pedagógicas ¿reales o futuras? Boletín Redipe, 7(11), 155-171.
Sánchez, M. D. M. y Rico, C. (2020). Traducción automática: conceptos clave, procesos de evaluación y técnicas de posedición. Comares.
Sannino, A., Daniels, H. y Gutiérrez, K. D. (2009). Learning and Expanding with Activity Theory. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809989
Schumacher, P. (2020). Post-édition et traduction humaine en contexte académique: une étude empirique, Transletters. International Journal of Translation and Interpreting, 3, 239-274.
Soto, X., Perez-de-Viñaspre, O., Labaka, G. y Oronoz, M. (2019). Neural machine translation of clinical texts between long distance languages. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 26(12), 1478-1487. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz110
Srnicek, N. (2019). Capitalismo de plataformas. Caja Negra.
Srnicek, N. y Williams, A. (2017). Inventar el Futuro. Poscapitalismo y un mundo sin trabajo. Malpaso.
Steinhoff, J. (2019). Automation and Autonomy. Labour, Capital and Machines in the Artificial Intelligence Industry. Palgrave-Macmillan.
Stiegler, B (2001). La Technique et le temps. Tome 3: Le temps du cinéma et la question du mal-être. Galilèe.
Stiegler, B. (2015). La société automatique. L'Avenir du travail. Fayard.
Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A. N., Kaiser, Ł. y Polosukhin, I. (2017). Attention Is All You Need (v.1). arXiv, 1706.03762. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1706.03762
Wolf, M. (2008). Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. Faber and Faber.
Wolf, M. (2018). Reader, Come Home: The Reading Brain in a Digital World. Harper Collins.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Non Commercial, No Derivatives Attribution 4.0. International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.), that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).