A literature review on post-truth in terrorism: the unresolved matter about the end of ETA

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2024-371

Keywords:

post-truth, misinformation, fake news, literature review, terrorism, ETA, Brexit, Donal Trump

Abstract

Introduction: Since 2016, with the emergence of the concept of post-truth, more than 100,000 scientific articles have been published on disinformation and post-truth. This study reviews the literature to identify the main objects of study around these issues. Methodology: A literature review was conducted to identify the main objects of study related to disinformation and post-truth. Results: A significant gap was observed in the research on the battle for control of the narrative after the dissolution of ETA in 2018, with less than a hundred references. Discussion: Despite the importance of public information in the aftermath of peace, there is considerably less research on ETA compared to the IRA or the peace process in Colombia. Conclusions: It is crucial to scientifically address the question of the control of the narrative after the dissolution of ETA, given its relevance in public opinion.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Fernando Rueda Rieu, Universidad Villanueva

University professor and expert in investigative journalism on intelligence services. He has been working as a journalist for 40 years in numerous press, radio, television and digital media. Author of 19 books on current affairs published by the most important Spanish publishers, most of them research books on the Spanish intelligence service, about which he has written several scientific articles. He has taught at several universities, is a doctor and an accredited professor. He currently teaches ‘Analysis and verification of sources’, an innovative subject introduced in the Villanueva University programme, in which he talks about post-truth, disinformation and fake news.

Ernesto Villar-Cirujano, Universidad Villanueva

Full University Professor. One six-year research period (2014-2019). Director of the Bachelor's Degree in Journalism and Journalism and IR at Villanueva University. 55 scientific publications, with a dozen journal articles (two in Comunicar, JCR Q1; one in El Profesional de la Información, JCR Q3; two in Icono 14, SJR Q3), 15 book chapters in publishers of maximum impact, 3 books, a documentary in RTVE and 30 communications in international conferences. More than 300 academic citations, 285 of them in scientific articles (20 in WOS and 51 in Scopus). Two competitive research projects (Community of Madrid and ESF, 202,400 euros; and Ministry of Economy, 23,716 euros). Member of three Villanueva University research projects.

References

Alemán Salcedo, E. M. y Pérez-Agote Aguirre, J. M. (2021). Trauma and sacrifice in divided communities: The sacralisation of the victims of terrorism in Spain. Religions, 12, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12020104

Alonso, R. (2011). The international dimension of ETA's terrorism and the internationalization of the conflict in the Basque Country. Democracy and Security, 7(2), 184-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2011.572778

Alvesson, M. y Kärreman, D. (2007). Constructing mystery: Empirical matters in theory development. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1265-1281. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.26586822

Andrade, G. (2013). El posmodernismo ¡vaya timo! Laetoli.

Arsenault, A. y Castells, M. (2006). Conquering the minds, conquering Iraq: The social production of misinformation in the United States – a case study. Information, Communication & Society, 9(3), 284–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180600751256

Baker, M. J. (2000). The marketing review. Westburn Publishers, 1, 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1362/1469347002529189

Barge, X. F. (2022). El discurso político actual como discurso de poder atenuado y falaz: Una metodología de análisis. Imagonautas, 10(15), 87-101. https://tinyurl.com/46bpcx92

Barnhurst, K. G. (1991). Contemporary terrorism in Peru: Sendero Luminoso and the media. Journal of Communication, 41(4), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02332.x

Baumeister, R. y Leary, M. (1997). Writing narrative literature reviews. Review of General Psychology, 1(3), 311-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.3.311

Bleakley, P. (2023). Panic, pizza and mainstreaming the alt-right: A social media analysis of Pizzagate and the rise of the QAnon conspiracy. Current Sociology, 71(3), 509-525. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0003

Boote, D. N. y Beile, P. (2005). Scholars before researchers: On the centrality of the dissertation literature review in research preparation. Educational Researcher, 34(6), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X034006003

Bryant, N. (2024). The truth about Watergate: A tale of extraordinary lies & liars. TrineDay.

Calvo, D., Cano-Orón, L., Llorca-Abad, G. y Gamir-Ríos, J. (2024). La campaña subterránea: Sesgos informativos y noticias falsas. Espejo de Monografías de Comunicación Social, 24, 105-122.

Carrera, P. (2018). Estratagemas de la posverdad. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 73, 1469-1481. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2018-1317

Casal Bértoa, F. y Rama, J. (2021). Polarization: What do we know and what can we do about it? Frontiers in Political Science, 3, 687695. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.687695

Castañeda, L. C. (2024). Colombia en tiempos de posverdad: El caso del Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica. Una reflexión. Ánfora: Revista Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, 31(56), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.30854/anf.v31.n56.2023.980

Cervi, L. y Carrillo-Andrade, A. (2019). Post-verdad y desinformación: Uso del análisis del discurso para comprender la creación de narrativas emocionales y rivales en Brexit. ComHumanitas: Revista Científica de Comunicación, 10(2), 125-149. https://doi.org/10.31207/rch.v10i2.207

Corner, J. (2017). Fake news, post-truth and media political change. Media, Culture & Society, 39(7), 1100-1107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717726743

Cuan-Baltazar, J. Y., Muñoz-Perez, M. J., Robledo-Vega, C., Pérez-Zepeda, M. F. y Soto-Vega, E. (2020). Misinformation of COVID-19 on the internet: Infodemiology study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e18444. https://doi.org/10.2196/18444

Cué Brugueras, M., Díaz Alonso, G., Díaz Martínez, A. G. y Valdés Abreu, M. D. (2008). El artículo de revisión. Revista Cubana de Salud Pública, 34(4). https://tinyurl.com/5s6wzd8x

Daza, D. C. P. (2018). La plebitusa: Movilización política de las emociones posplebiscito por la paz en Colombia. Maguaré, 32(2), 153-181. https://doi.org/10.15446/mag.v32n2.77012

Del Vicario, M. D., Quattrociocchi, W., Scala, A. y Zollo, F. (2019). Polarization and fake news: Early warning of potential misinformation targets. ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), 13(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3316809

Del Vicario, M., Zollo, F., Caldarelli, G., Scala, A. y Quattrociocchi, W. (2017). Mapping social dynamics on Facebook: The Brexit debate. Social Networks, 50, 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.02.002

Dijkers, M. P. (2009). The value of “traditional” reviews in the era of systematic reviewing. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 88(5), 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e31819c59c6

Eisenhardt, K. M. y Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.24160888

Enroth, H. (2023). Crisis of authority: The truth of post-truth. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 36(2), 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-021-09415-6

Fominaya, C. F. (2011). The Madrid bombings and popular protest: Misinformation, counter-information, mobilisation and elections after ‘11-M’. Contemporary Social Science, 6(3), 289-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2011.603910

Fry, L. y Smith, D. A. (1987). Congruence, contingency, and theory building. Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306496

Gaufman, E. (2018). The Trump carnival: Popular appeal in the age of misinformation. International Relations, 32(4), 410-429. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117818773130

González, M. F. (2017). La posverdad en el plebiscito por la paz en Colombia. Nueva Sociedad, 269, 114-126. https://tinyurl.com/2j87e2ru

Guess, A., Nyhan, B. y Reifler, J. (2018). Selective exposure to misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 US presidential campaign. European Research Council, 9(3), 4. https://tinyurl.com/evkdywxv

Haack, S. (2019). Post “post‐truth”: Are we there yet?. Theoria, 85(4), 258-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/theo.12198

Heath-Kelly, C. y de Mosteyrín, L. F. (2021). The political use of victimhood: Spanish collective memory of ETA through the war on terror paradigm. Review of International Studies, 47(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210520000182

Heltzel, G. y Laurin, K. (2020). Polarization in America: Two possible futures. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.03.008

Higgins, J. P., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J. y Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley Blackwell.

Higgins, K. (2016). Post-truth: A guide for the perplexed. Nature, 540(7631), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1038/540009a

Hinde, S. y Spackman, E. (2015). Bidirectional citation searching to completion: An exploration of literature searching methods. PharmacoEconomics, 33, 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-014-0205-3

Höller, M. (2021). The human component in social media and fake news: The performance of UK opinion leaders on Twitter during the Brexit campaign. European Journal of English Studies, 25(1), 80-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825577.2021.1918842

Hoyle, R. (2008). Going to war: How misinformation, disinformation, and arrogance led America into Iraq. Macmillan.

Ibrahim, D. (2010). The framing of Islam on network news following the September 11th attacks. International Communication Gazette, 72(1), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048509350342

Iyengar, S. y Simon, A. (1993). News coverage of the Gulf Crisis and public opinion: A study of agenda-setting, priming, and framing. Communication Research, 20(3), 365-383. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365093020003002

Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N. y Westwood, S. J. (2019). The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 129-146.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034

Jorda, J., Torres, M. R. y Horsburgh, N. (2005). The intelligence services' struggle against al-Qaeda propaganda. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 18(1), 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/08850600590905663

Keyes, R. (2004). The post-truth era: Dishonesty and deception in contemporary life. Macmillan.

Kouzy, R., Abi Jaoude, J., Kraitem, A., El Alam, M. B., Karam, B., Adib, E., Zarka, J., Traboulsi, C., Akl, E. W. y Baddour, K. (2020). Coronavirus goes viral: Quantifying the COVID-19 misinformation epidemic on Twitter. Cureus, 12(3), e7255. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7255

Labiano Juangarcía, R. (2019). Las víctimas de ETA en el cine y la literatura: Realidad y representación de los damnificados por el terrorismo (1968-2018) (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Navarra.

Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. y Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008

Lewandowsky, S., Stritzke, W. G., Oberauer, K. y Morales, M. (2005). Memory for fact, fiction, and misinformation: The Iraq War 2003. Psychological Science, 16(3), 190-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00802.x

Lockie, S. (2017). Post-truth politics and the social sciences. Environmental Sociology, 3(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2016.1273444

Marín, J. A. N. y Espases, A. J. (2023). Posverdad en contextos de guerra. Ápeiron: Estudios de Filosofía, (18), 251-283. https://tinyurl.com/u3kdyzz9

Marshall, H. y Drieschova, A. (2018). La política de la posverdad en el referéndum del Brexit en el Reino Unido. Nuevas Perspectivas, 26(3), 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X1802600305

McCoy, J., Rahman, T. y Somer, M. (2018). Polarization and the global crisis of democracy: Common patterns, dynamics, and pernicious consequences for democratic polities. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(1), 16-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218759576

Molina y Vedia del Castillo, S. I. (2022). Posverdad, la estrategia de Satanás. Revista Mexicana de Opinión Pública, 33, 71-87. https://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.24484911e.2022.33.81953

Montoya Camacho, J. M., Rodrich Portugal, R., Marino Jiménez, M., Martínez-Pastor, E., Garzón Barreto, J. C., Frutuoso Costa, B., Kang, Y.,Yang, K. C. C., Xue, T. y Cen, G. (2023). La ética y el derecho a la información: Nuevas audiencias activas en la era poscovid: Actas de la XVII edición del Foro de Ética y Derecho de la Información (FIÉDI). Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola.

Núñez, R. R. (2018). Los efectos de la posverdad en la democracia. Revista de Derecho Político, 103, 191-228. https://tinyurl.com/yxzy2e72

Ocaña-Fernandez, Y. y Fuster-Guillén, D. (2021). The bibliographical review as a research methodology. Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação, 14(33), e15614. https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.15614

Ogbonnaya, C. y Brown, A. D. (2023). Editorial: Crafting review and essay articles for Human Relations. Human Relations, 76(3), 365-394. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267221148440

Palmatier, R. W., Houston, M. B. y Hulland, J. (2018). Review articles: Purpose, process, and structure. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 46(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0563-4

Parry, R. y Kornbluh, P. (1988). Iran-Contra's untold story. Foreign Policy, 72, 3-30. https://doi.org/10.2307/1148818

Peters, M. A. (2017). Education in a post-truth world. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 49(6), 563-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2016.1264114

Prasad, A. (2022). Anti-science misinformation and conspiracies: COVID–19, post-truth, and science & technology studies (STS). Science, Technology and Society, 27(1), 88-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218211003413

Quintero, J. I. G. y Carmona, J. S. (2023). La posverdad y las redes sociales como desafíos del periodismo en la era digital. Ánfora: Revista Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, 30(55), 332-359. https://doi.org/10.30854/anf.v30.n55.2023.977

Reyes B. H. (2020). Artículos de revisión. Revista Médica de Chile, 148(1), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872020000100103

Roozenbeek, J., Schneider, C. R., Dryhurst, S., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L., Recchia, G., Van der Bles, A. M. y Van Der Linden, S. (2020). Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world. Royal Society Open Science, 7(10), 201199. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201199

Rousseau, D. M., Manning, J. y Denyer, D. (2008). Evidence in management and organizational science: Assembling the field’s full weight of scientific knowledge through syntheses. The Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 475–515. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520802211651

Rueda Rieu, F., Villar-Cirujano, E. y Hernández Barral, F. (2022). Ficción, no ficción o basado en hechos reales: Tres caminos para mostrar la memoria de las víctimas de ETA. In Mediaciones comunicativas (pp. 425-443). Thomson Reuters Aranzadi.

Shelton, T. (2020). A post-truth pandemic?. Big Data & Society, 7(2), 2053951720965612. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720965612

Shepherd, D. A. y Suddaby, R. (2017). Theory building: A review and integration. Journal of Management, 43(1), 59-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316647102

Sismondo, S. (2017). Post-truth?. Social Studies of Science, 47(1), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312717692076

Snow, N. y Taylor, P. M. (2006). The revival of the propaganda state: US propaganda at home and abroad since 9/11. International Communication Gazette, 68(5-6), 389-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048506068718

Swire, B., Berinsky, A. J., Lewandowsky, S. y Ecker, U. K. (2017). Processing political misinformation: Comprehending the Trump phenomenon. Royal Society Open Science, 4(3), 160802. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160802

Tesich, S. (1992). A government of lies. Nation, 254(1), 12-14. https://tinyurl.com/ddb66pjf

Treen, K. M. D. I., Williams, H. T. y O'Neill, S. J. (2020). Online misinformation about climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 11(5), e665. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.665

Valenzuela, S., Muñiz, C. y Santos, M. (2024). Social media and belief in misinformation in Mexico: A case of maximal panic, minimal effects? The International Journal of Press/Politics, 29(3), 667-688. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221088988

Vallejo, I. G. (2024). El pasado entrometido: La memoria histórica como campo de batalla. Canopus Editorial Digital SA.

Van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., Rosenthal, S. y Maibach, E. (2017). Inoculating the public against misinformation about climate change. Global Challenges, 1(2), 1600008. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201600008

Vegetti, F. (2014). From political conflict to partisan evaluations: How citizens assess party ideology and competence in polarized elections. Electoral Studies, 35, 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.01.007

Velasco, S. S. y de Dompablo, J. Á. (2020). TIC, redes y posverdad. Innovación comunicativa: Una nueva ola terrorista. Ciencia Política en la Nueva Política, Salamanca, 10-12. https://tinyurl.com/37m6udjv

Viera, J. D. (1988). Terrorism at the BBC: The IRA on British television. Journal of Film and Video, 40(1), 28-36. https://tinyurl.com/2cxx62m5

Waisbord, S. (2018). Truth is what happens to news: On journalism, fake news, and post-truth. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1866-1878. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881

Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M. y Obstfeld, D. (2005). Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organization Science, 16(4), 409-420. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0133

Wilson, A. E., Parker, V. A. y Feinberg, M. (2020). Polarization in the contemporary political and media landscape. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.005

Published

2024-07-24

How to Cite

Rueda Rieu, F., & Villar-Cirujano, E. (2024). A literature review on post-truth in terrorism: the unresolved matter about the end of ETA. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 9, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2024-371

Issue

Section

INNOVATING IN PUBLIC INPUTS FOR PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION: JOURNALISTIC AND POLITICAL