Crisis of institutional confidence: the impact of economic characteristics on democratic perception and transparency in Peru

Adderly Mamani-Flores; Jorge Apaza-Ticona; Juan Inquilla-Mamani; Vicente Alanoca-Arocutipa; Julian Apaza-Chino; Cristóbal Rufino Yapuchura-Saico; Alfredo Pelayo Calatayud-Mendoza; Naysha Sharon Villanueva-Alvaro; Alfredo Calderon-Torres; Yuselino Maquera-Maquera

doi:10.31637/epsir-2026-2073

Autores/as

Adderly Mamani-Flores Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5141-1366
Jorge Apaza-Ticona Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9085-4354
Juan Inquilla-Mamani Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-9091
Vicente Alanoca-Arocutipa Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9111-0704
Julian Apaza-Chino Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3864-7047
Cristóbal Rufino Yapuchura-Saico Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1956-3922
Alfredo Pelayo Calatayud-Mendoza Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1213-0035
Naysha Sharon Villanueva-Alvaro Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4045-1303
Alfredo Calderon-Torres Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8716-139X
Yuselino Maquera-Maquera Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7476-9205

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2026-2073

Palabras clave:

Monetary poverty, citizen participation, democratic perception, institutional transparency, economic inequality, governance, institutional trust, urban and rural areas

Resumen

Introduction: This study explores how the economic characteristics of Peruvian citizens affect their perception of democracy, transparency, and institutional governance. Methodology: We used data from the National Household Survey (ENAHO) between 2014 and 2021. Statistical techniques included Chi² tests, ANOVA, and multinomial logit models to examine relationships between monetary poverty, income levels, and citizen perceptions. Results: People in poverty reported lower knowledge of democracy (17,5% vs. 47,3% of non-poor) and a more negative perception of its functioning. Significant differences were found between urban (62,7% aware of democracy) and rural areas (31,5%). Higher-income individuals showed greater democratic understanding but also more frequent involvement in corrupt practices. Conclusions: Monetary poverty and regional disparities limit access to information, reduce civic participation, and erode institutional trust. Efforts should focus on strengthening civic education and transparency mechanisms, particularly in vulnerable and rural communities.

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Biografía del autor/a

Adderly Mamani-Flores, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano

He holds a degree in Anthropology and a Master of Science in Economics, with a specialization in Planning and Public Management, and a Doctorate in Social Sciences, Public Management, and Territorial Development from the National University of the Altiplano, Puno, Peru. He teaches undergraduate and graduate programs at the National University of the Altiplano.

Jorge Apaza-Ticona, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano

He was born on April 10, 1968, in the peasant community of Maquercota, Pilcuyo District, El Collao-Ilave Province, Puno, Peru. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Anthropology from the National University of the Altiplano-Puno and a Master's degree in Agroecology with a specialization in Biodiversity and Andean-Amazonian Peasant Agriculture from the Postgraduate School of the National Agrarian University of the Selva-Tingo María-Huánuco. He also holds a PhD in Environment and Society from the Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain. He has been a professor at the undergraduate and graduate levels of the National University of the Altiplano for 20 years. He has extensive professional experience in agriculture, livestock farming, social programs, and social promotion. He has worked in various private institutions, including the Chuyma Aru Association as coordinator of the Aymara Peasant Wisdom Strengthening Program, founder of the Qolla Aymara Association, and assistant in the in-situ project for the conservation of peasant agrobiodiversity in the Platería region of Puno. He is a member of the Socioeconomic Research and Agrobiodiversity Institute (IISA) at UNA-Puno. He has published various books on Aymara community upbringing, Andean knowledge, Aymara gastronomy, Aymara kinship, traditional Andean medicine, and others. He is a specialist in self-assessment and university accreditation.

Juan Inquilla-Mamani, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano

He holds a PhD in Economics and Public Policy from UNA-Puno, a Master's Degree in Social Sciences, and has been a Professor and Researcher at UNA-Puno for 25 years. He has served as Director of Research Institutes at UNA-Puno. He is also Director and Researcher at the Institute of Socioeconomic Research and Agrobiodiversity at UNA-Puno. He has extensive professional experience in public policy, social programs, and social promotion. His research interests include social policies, public policies, educational policies, family and gender, and educational quality.

Vicente Alanoca-Arocutipa, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano

PhD in Human Rights and Development and PhD in Latin American History and Indigenous Worlds from the Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain. He holds a Master of Science in Andean Linguistics and Education from the UNA-Puno University. He also holds a Bachelor's degree in Anthropology and a Bachelor's degree in Secondary Education, specializing in History, Geography, and Social Sciences. He is a member of the Scientific and Editorial Committee of national and international journals. He has also lectured at various national and international events. He has also been a visiting postgraduate professor at various national and international universities. He was a visiting researcher at the Complutense University of Madrid. He also held a postdoctoral fellowship at the Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain. He is also the founder of the Aymara Critical Thought Research Center and School Association and the Aymara Critical Thought Journal.

Julian Apaza-Chino, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano

Mining Engineer and Master in Geotechnics and Mining Geomechanics - U.N.A. - Puno. Skills in communication, strategic planning, responsibility, and continuous improvement. Adaptable, organized, and efficient.

Cristóbal Rufino Yapuchura-Saico, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano

He holds a PhD in Administration from the Federico Villareal National University in Lima. He holds a Master's degree in Economic Law from the Simón Bolívar Andean University in Quito, Ecuador, and a degree in Economic Engineering from the National University of the Altiplano, Puno. He is a senior lecturer and research professor at the RENACYT (National Institute of Economics) Department of the National University of the Altiplano. He has served as Dean of the Faculty of Economic Engineering at the aforementioned university. He has actively participated in the accreditation of the professional school of economic engineering and in the recognition of the school's economic research institute. He has served as Director of the Master's Program in Economics, Director of the Master's Program in Law, and General Director of the Graduate School at the National University of the Altiplano. He has also been a guest lecturer at graduate schools at public and private universities in the Puno region. A consultant and researcher in public management, economic law, administrative law, public policy, and social policy in the areas of education, health, and sanitation, he has published several research papers in indexed journals. He currently participates in peer review for scientific publications.

Alfredo Pelayo Calatayud-Mendoza, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano

Professor-Researcher at the RENACYT (National Institute of Agricultural Sciences), he holds a PhD in Agricultural Economics from the Autonomous University of Chapingo (Mexico), a Master's degree in Economics from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP), and a degree in Economic Engineering from the National University of the Altiplano (UNA-Puno). He holds a Diploma from the XLVI Summer Extension Course from the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP). He is currently a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Economic Engineering and the Graduate School at UNA-Puno. He has served as principal investigator of the social sciences project: "Impact of ICTs in the textile and clothing sector: The reincorporation of women artisans in the economic reactivation in the Puno region: 2020-2021", funded by ProCiencia-CONCYTEC, and as co-investigator of the applied research and technological development project: "Eco-efficient Experiential Rural Tourism in the district of Atuncolla, Lake Titicaca, Puno", funded by FONDECYT-CONCYTEC. He is also a peer evaluator of research projects and a referee in scientific journals. Currently, he teaches courses in advanced areas such as Econometrics, public policy impact evaluation, economic valuation methods, and economic and social research techniques with a quantitative and qualitative approach. His work integrates programming tools such as Python and R Studio, applying Artificial Intelligence models, including Machine Learning, Neural Networks, and Deep Learning. He specializes in statistical data analysis, Big Data, data mining, and Spatial Econometrics, with expertise in software such as Stata, E-Views, QGIS, UCINET, and ATLAS.TI. As a consultant and advisor, he has extensive experience in the design and evaluation of public policies, adopting innovative and evidence-based approaches.

Naysha Sharon Villanueva-Alvaro, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano

Certified dentist with a PhD in Health Sciences from the National University of the Altiplano. Her research interests include preventive dentistry. She is the author of books and scientific articles in national and international peer-reviewed journals, with work experience in both the public and private sectors.

Alfredo Calderon-Torres, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano

Bachelor and Licentiate in Anthropology from the National University of the Altiplano (1990), Master in Social Program Management (UNA-Puno, 2010), PhD in Social Sciences, Public Management and Territorial Development (UNA-Puno, 2019), He is a consultant and advisor in participatory budgeting processes by results, is part of the technical team of municipalities, designs and evaluates policies, programs and social investment projects. Currently, he is a Principal Professor Appointed D.E. of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Professional School of Anthropology of the UNA-Puno, He was Director of the Academic Department of Anthropology UNA-Puno (2003-2005); As well as Director of Anthropology Studies UNA-Puno (2017-2019), Past Research Coordinator of the Master's Degree in Social Sciences-EPG of UNA-Puno (2016-2018), He is currently Research Coordinator of the Master's Degree in Rural Development-EPG-UNA-Puno (2020-to date) Professor at the Postgraduate School of UNA Puno: Master's Degree in Social Sciences, Rural Development and Education, he is current Director of the College of Anthropologists Regional Council-Puno, he is Director of the Magazine "Musoq Yachay", he has published Books, Book Chapters, Research Articles in national and foreign journals.

Yuselino Maquera-Maquera, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano

Professor-Researcher at the RENACYT (National Institute of Technology and Research), Social Worker, holds a degree in Sociology and Education, specializing in Language and Literature from the National University of the Altiplano - Puno. He has completed his studies; a Master's degree in Economics with a major in "Project Management". A Master's degree in Education with a major in "Teaching and Educational Management". A PhD in Education from the César Vallejo Private University in Peru. He holds an International Post-Doctorate in Qualitative Research from the H.A. Barceló Foundation in Argentina and INICC in Peru. He is currently a professor at the Professional School of Social Work at the National University of the Altiplano - Puno. He also teaches at the San Cristóbal de Huamanga University in Ayacucho, Faculty of Social Sciences, Professional School of Social Work. He has extensive experience in developing social projects, training projects, and educational projects. He has been a teacher in the EBR system for over 11 years, specializing in Language and Literature. He is a research member of the Corporation for Human Development. He is a specialist in Community Relations and Conflict Resolution, Tutoring, and School Coexistence. Current member of the Editorial Committee of the Aymara Critical Thinking Journal (ACIEPCA Research Center Association), ISSN: 2707-6938. Editor of the New Horizons of Social Work Journal, UNSCH ISSN 2810-8590.

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