Effects on the oral and non-verbal communication of university students after the pandemic: “mask fishing” and stage fright
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2025-1762Keywords:
Oral communication techniques, Non-verbal communication techniques, Communication skills, Stage fright, Public speaking, face mask, Others' judgment, University educationAbstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic imposed remote teaching and the subsequent use of masks in classrooms, affecting the acquisition of relevant communication skills among university students in the area of Social Sciences. Methodology: A quantitative questionnaire was applied to a sample of 153 students from the Faculty of Information Sciences (UCM), with each question accompanied by open space for reflection, in order to understand the participants' motivations in choosing their marked options. Results: Most students state sequelae in their communication competence, expressed a preference for online presentations where their stage fright and sense of vulnerability were reduced; the voluntary decision to wear a mask in the classroom was largely due to protection against the virus, but it never interfered with their perception of physical attractiveness. Discussion: The use of the mask hinders the reading of emotions, obstructs effective communication, and increases attractiveness. Conclusions: Online teaching and the subsequent use of masks in classrooms had consequences regarding communication skills, behaviors related to stage fright, external judgment, and physical attractiveness.
Downloads
References
Antxoka Agirre, M., Mendiguren Galdospin, T. e Iturregui Mandarás, L. (2015). La superación del miedo escénico en el aula de locución informativa. Opción, 31(5), 15-32. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/310/31045570002.pdf
Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D. y Akert, R. M. (2010). Social Psychology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y. y Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963001006643 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00715
Bregantin, D. (2008). Hablar en público. La voz, el lenguaje corporal, el control de las emociones, la organización de los contenidos. Editorial De Vecchi.
Bustos, I. (2003). La voz. La técnica y la expresión. Paidotribo.
Burton, M. A. Bruce V., y Johnston R.A. (1990). Understanding face recognition with an interactive activation model. British Journal of Psychol, 81 (3), 361-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02367.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02367.x
Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Keane, J. y Dean, M. (2000). Configural information in facial expression perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26(2), 527–551. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.26.2.527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.26.2.527
Calvo, M. G. y Nummenmaa, L. (2008). Detection of emotional faces: Salient physical features guide effective visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 137(3), 471–494. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012771 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012771
Carbon, CC (2020). Wearing Face Masks Strongly Confuses Counterparts in Reading Emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 656886. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566886
Dhamecha, T. I., Singh, R., Vatsa, M. y Kumar, A. (2014). Recognizing disguised faces: human and machine evaluation. PLoS One, 9 (7), e99212. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099212
Dudarev, V., Kamatani, M., Miyazaki, Y., Enns, J. T. y Kawahara, J. I. (2022a). The Attractiveness of Masked Faces Is Influenced by Race and Mask Attitudes. Front Psychol, 13, 864936. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.864936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.864936
Dudarev V., Manaligod M. G., Enns, J. T. y Todd, R. M. (2022b). In the hands of the beholder: Wearing a COVID-19 mask is associated with its attractiveness. QJ Exp. Physiol, 75(4), 598–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211037128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211037128
Facultad de Ciencias de la Información, UCM (7 de marzo de 2021). Mayoría de mujeres entre estudiantes y cerca de la paridad en el profesorado de la Facultad. https://n9.cl/afv4g
Feingold, A. (1992). Good-looking people are not what we think. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 304-341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.111.2.304
Fernández-Hoya, G. (2022). Las técnicas de comunicación oral como ventaja distintiva para la empleabilidad en el área de ciencias de la información. En G. Paredes-Otero e I. López-Redondo (eds.), Cultura audiovisual, periodismo y política: nuevos discursos y narrativas en la sociedad digital, (pp. 530-550). Dykinson.
Fernández-Hoya, G. (2019). Técnicas Eficaces de Comunicación Oral. Síntesis.
Gaitán, J. A., y Piñuel, J. L. (1998). Técnicas de investigación en comunicación social. Editorial Síntesis.
Gervilla Castillo, E. (2002). La tiranía de la belleza, un problema educativo hoy. La estética del cuerpo como valor y como problema. Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 14, 185-206. http://revistas.usal.es/index.php/1130-3743/article/view/2990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14201/2990
Goldin, A., Weinstein, B.E., y Shiman, N. (2020). How do medical masks degrade speech perception? Hearing Review, 27(5), 8-9. https://n9.cl/10v42
Grundmann, F., Epstude, K., y Scheibe, S. (2021) Face masks reduce emotion-recognition accuracy and perceived closeness. PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0249792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249792 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249792
Hies, O. y Lewis, MB (2022). Beyond the beauty of occlusion: medical masks increase facial attractiveness more than other face coverings. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 7, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00351-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00351-9
Hu, X., Santuzzi, A. M., y Barber, L. K. (2019). Disconnecting to Detach: The Role of Impaired Recovery in Negative Consequences of Workplace Telepressure. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 35(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a2
Jeong, N. H, Lee, J., Yun, J. C., Park, D.H., y Park, S.B. (2023). Does wearing facial masks increase perceived facial attractiveness? An eye-tracking experiment. Front Psychol 14, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1141319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1141319
Leitner, MC, Meurer, V., Hutzler, F., Schuster, S. y Hawelka, S. (2022). The effect of masks on the recognition of facial expressions: A true-to-life study on the perception of basic emotions. Frontiers in Psychology 13, 933438. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.933438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.933438
Lozano-Díaz, A., Fernández-Prados, J. S., Figueredo Canosa, V., y Martínez Martínez, A. M. (2020). Impactos del confinamiento por el COVID-19 entre universitarios: Satisfacción Vital, Resiliencia y Capital Social Online. Revista Internacional de Sociología de la Educación, 8 (4), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.17583/rise.2020.5925 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17583/rise.2020.5925
OMS. (2014) Organización Mundial de la Salud. Enfermedades pandémicas y epidémicas. Prevención y control de infecciones respiratorias agudas propensas a epidemias y pandemias en la atención de salud: directrices de la OMS. 2014 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112656/1/9789241507134_eng.pdf?ua=1
Palmer, C. L. y Peterson, R. D. (2016). Halo effects and the attractiveness premium in perceptions of political expertise. American Politics Research, 44(2), 353−382. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15597745 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15600517
Parada-Fernández, P., Herrero-Fernández, D., Jorge, R. y Comesaña, P. (2022). Wearing mask hinders emotion recognition, but enhances perception of attractiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 184, 111195. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111195
Postigo-Gutiérrez, A., & García-Cueto, E. (2018). Physical attractiveness influence on the perception of the intelligence and extraversion. REMA Revista electrónica de metodología aplicada, 23(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.17811/rema.23.1.2018.1-11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17811/rema.23.1.2018.1-11
Ramdani, C., Ogier, M., Coutrot, A. (2022). Communicating and Reading emotion with masked faces in the Covid era: A short review of the literature. Psychiatry Research, 316, 114755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114755 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114755
Ramírez Soriano, A.R. (2020). Manual para actuar frente a la COVID-19. Marge Books.
Real Decreto 115/2022, de 8 de febrero, por el que se modifica la obligatoriedad del uso de mascarillas durante la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. Boletín Oficial del Estado BOE, núm. 9, de febrero de 2022, pp. 17001 a 17004 https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2022/02/08/115
Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. Boletín Oficial del Estado BOE, núm. 67, de marzo de 2020, pp. 25390 a 25400 https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/03/14/463/con
Reis, T. H., Mcdougal, I., Monestere, C., Bernstein, S., Clark, K., Seidl, E., Franco, M., Gioioso, E., Freeman, L., y Radoane, K. (1990). What is smiling is beautiful and good. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20(3), 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420200307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420200307
Ribeiro, V. V., Dassie-Leite, A. P., Pereira, E. C., Santos, A. D. N. , Martins, P., y Alencar Irineu, R. (2022). Effect of Wearing a Face Mask on Vocal Self-Perception during a Pandemic. Journal of the voice, 36 (6), 878e1-878e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.09.006
Saint S. A. y Moscovitch D. A. (2021) Effects of mask-wearing on social anxiety: an exploratory review. Anxiety Stress Coping, 34(5), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1929936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1929936
Saunders, G. H., Jackson, I. R., y Visram, A. S. (2020). Impacts of face coverings on communication: an indirect impact of COVID-19. International Journal of Audiology, 60(7), 495–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2020.1851401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2020.1851401
Serbia, J. M. (2007). Diseño, muestreo y análisis en la investigación cualitativa. Hologramática 7, 123-146. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5872486&orden=0&info=link
Tobin, A., Favelle, S., y Palermo, R. (2015). Dynamic facial expressions are processed holistically, but not more holistically than static facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 30(6), 1208–1221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1049936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1049936
Urban Dictionary (2024). https://www.urbandictionary.com/
Viejó Mora, I., y Quinto Saritama, E., (2019). Miedo escénico y la superación psicología en estudiantes universitarios. Revista Psicología UNEMI, 3(4), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.29076/issn.2602-8379vol2iss4.2019pp39-49p DOI: https://doi.org/10.29076/issn.2602-8379vol2iss4.2019pp39-49p
Valles, M. (2000). Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social. Editorial Síntesis.
Vinuesa, L. (2005). La encuesta. Observación extensiva de la realidad social. En Berganza Conde, M.R. y Ruiz San Román, J. A. (Coords.). Investigar en comunicación: Guía práctica de métodos y técnicas de investigación social en comunicación, (pp. 177-206). McGraw-Hill.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Gema Fernández Hoya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Non Commercial, No Derivatives Attribution 4.0. International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.), that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).