Confiabilidad y consistencia interna de la escala ESTE-R para medición de la soledad en personas mayores en Chile

Dolly Paiva-Zuaznábar; Marco Antonio Galván; Jose Vicente Villalobos-Antúnez; Consuelo Salazar Martínez; Humberto Bravo-Wollhk

doi:10.31637/epsir-2026-2659

Authors

Dolly Paiva-Zuaznábar Universidad SEK https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7936-5592
Marco Antonio Galván Universidad SEK https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1971-742X
Jose Vicente Villalobos-Antúnez Universidad SEK https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3406-5000
Consuelo Salazar Martínez Universidad SEK https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2614-1288
Humberto Bravo-Wollhk Universidad SEK https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8394-7377

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2026-2659

Keywords:

ESTE-R scale, reliability and validation of the solitude instrument, Elderly, Mental health, Internal consistency, Factor analysis, Social intervention, Chile

Abstract

Introduction: Loneliness in older people is a growing phenomenon in Chile, with almost always negative impacts on physical and mental health. Measuring it properly is key to designing effective interventions. The ESTE-R scale, developed by Rubio (2009), is a multidimensional instrument that assesses loneliness in its family, conjugal, social and existential dimensions, using 34 Likert-type items. Methodology: The study was carried out in two phases: first, the test-retest reliability was evaluated in a sample of 32 people over 60 years of age; then, the scale was internally validated with 976 participants from eleven regions of Chile. Pearson and Spearman's correlation coefficients, Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were used. Results: The scale showed high reliability (Pearson=0.963; Spearman=0.951) and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.909; McDonald's omega=0.913). Factor analysis confirmed the four-dimensional structure, explaining 51% of the variance. Discussion: The results are consistent with international studies, evidencing the validity and reliability of the ESTE-R scale in the Chilean context. The scale allows us to capture the complexity of loneliness in older people. Conclusions: The ESTE-R scale is a robust instrument to measure loneliness in older people in Chile, facilitating future research and the design of intervention strategies. Keywords: ESTE-R scale; reliability and validation of the solitude instrument; Elderly; Mental health; Internal consistency; Factor analysis; Social intervention; Chile.

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Author Biographies

Dolly Paiva-Zuaznábar, Universidad SEK

Social Worker, Diploma in Advanced Studies in Education from the University of Seville, Spain. International Master's Degree in Social Pedagogy Sciences from the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil in partnership with the University of Applied Sciences of Dusseldorf, Germany; the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés in La Paz, Bolivia; and the Universidad Santo Tomás in Santiago, Chile; and Master of Teaching in Social Work, The Catholic University of America. She currently serves as Head of the Social Work Program at SEK University, Chile, having held academic positions as Director of Graduate Studies, Director of Professional and Technical Fields, Director of the Academic Advisory Council, and Program Director, among others. With extensive experience in higher education spanning 45 years, she has specialized in social science research and published several articles in her field. She is currently Director of the Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Social Research [NIISA] in the Social Work Program at SEK University. She is noted for her academic leadership and promotion of educational programs in higher education at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.

Marco Antonio Galván, Universidad SEK

Economist with postgraduate studies in Social Programs. She has experience at ECLAC, where she has worked on issues related to the labor market, poverty, inequality and evaluation of the impact of programs through indicator analysis. Her work has focused on studying the relationship between these factors and housing conditions, household size and educational level, providing key knowledge in social policies and human development.

Jose Vicente Villalobos-Antúnez, Universidad SEK

Jurist and Philosopher, Doctor of Law and with post-doctorates in human sciences, higher education, management and public policy. PhD © in Philosophy. PhD © in Political Science. Professor Emeritus at the University of Zulia and full professor at SEK University. Researcher and scientific editor since 1994 in various countries. Tutor of doctoral, master's and undergraduate theses. His lines of research include ethics, epistemology, philosophy of education, philosophy of law, political philosophy, bioethics and research methodology. Active and internationally recognized researcher

Consuelo Salazar Martínez, Universidad SEK

Social Worker, Bachelor's Degree in Social Work. Master's Degree in Education. Specializing in family and social gerontology. Academic and Researcher at NIISA USEK-CHILE. Community Outreach Coordinator for the International Care Program (SENAMA_ USEK_PICSPAM). Academic Coordinator of the Social Work Program (USEK-CHILE).

Humberto Bravo-Wollhk, Universidad SEK

State Professor of Physics and Mathematics, with a master's degree and doctoral studies in Education and Science. He has led research and educational management processes at various Chilean universities. His research focuses on educational didactics and he has directed more than one hundred academic papers. As a teacher, he has taught classes in calculus, algebra, mechanics, statistics, and research methods, with extensive scientific production in education and engineering.

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