Bienestar social territorial: estimación de un índice de cualidades territoriales regionales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2026-2502Parole chiave:
desarrollo rural, bienestar social, análisis territorial, análisis factorial, índice compuesto, territorio, calidad de vida, ruralidadAbstract
Introducción: El estudio aborda la necesidad de medir el bienestar social en zonas rurales ante los desafíos de la globalización y la liberalización agrícola. Frente a estos procesos, se plantea un enfoque territorial del desarrollo rural que prioriza estrategias endógenas, sostenibilidad y calidad de vida, particularmente en áreas con alta dispersión poblacional y vulnerabilidad estructura. Metodología: Se diseñó un índice de bienestar social a partir de once indicadores normalizados, siguiendo las directrices metodológicas de la OCDE. El análisis se aplicó a 15 municipios de la comarca de Antequera, beneficiarios del programa LEADER y PRODER de la Unión Europea. Se utilizó análisis factorial exploratorio para determinar los factores latentes y ponderaciones correspondientes. Resultados: El análisis identificó cinco factores principales: transparencia electoral, calidad de vida, oportunidades laborales, mano de obra cualificada y capacidad de consumo. Antequera presentó el mayor índice de bienestar, mientras que Villanueva de la Concepción tuvo el más bajo. Los resultados reflejan importantes diferencias territoriales derivadas de variables estructurales y de acceso a servicios. Discusión: Las disparidades en bienestar revelan la influencia de factores como capital humano, infraestructura, servicios básicos y conectividad territorial. El modelo permite visibilizar las fortalezas y debilidades de cada municipio, lo que resulta útil para diseñar políticas públicas diferenciadas. Conclusiones: El índice propuesto es una herramienta válida para evaluar el bienestar rural. Se recomienda ampliar la muestra a otras provincias del sur de España y replicar el estudio en territorios rurales de América Latina para contrastar realidades regionales.
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