Coastal zone management indicators for sustainability in ten Latin American countries

Paola Hermosa Del Vasto; Juan Luis Peñaloza

doi:10.31637/epsir-2025-1026

Autores/as

Paola Hermosa Del Vasto Universidad de Granada https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5696-2258
Juan Luis Peñaloza Complutense University of Madrid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9109-7247

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2025-1026

Palabras clave:

Gestión de zonas costeras, Desarrollo socio-económico, Indicadores, Benchmarking, Análisis multivariante, Latinoamérica, Sostenibilidad, Cluster

Resumen

Introduction: Coastal zones and climate change. This paper analyses coastal zone management and socio-economic indicators regarding sustainability in ten Latin American countries in 2020, using 22 indicators. The study focuses on two key research questions: RQ1: How have these countries performed in terms of sustainability and their socio-economic development indicators? RQ2: Can some countries be identified as benchmarks, according to their overall performance? Methodology: Data from secondary sources such as CEPAL and the United Nations were considered using hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward’s method) to identify countries with similar patterns of behaviour. Results: The analysis revealed four clusters: CL1: Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua. CL2: Ecuador, Perú, Colombia. CL3: Chile. CL4: Mexico. Discussion: The analysis revealed important differences between these countries in their coastal management for sustainability. Despite efforts to improve, overall progress remains slow. The benchmark countries identified in each cluster offer valuable insights for policymakers in neighbouring regions, in areas such as applying blue economy strategies and achieving sustainable development goals. Conclusion: This research contributes to increasing public confidence in government effectiveness in optimising the sustainable tourism value chain, thereby promoting broader social-economic improvements in coastal communities in Latin America.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Paola Hermosa Del Vasto, Universidad de Granada

She holds a PhD in Economics and Business Studies from the Complutense University of Madrid. She is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Business Organisation I at the University of Granada. She has taught on Master’s programmes throughout Spain. She has published in several national journals and has participated in international conferences. Since 2020, she has been a member of a national inter-university research group, Research in Accounting and Economics for Sustainable Development in Emerging Economies (READEES), and since 2023, she has been part of the Advanced Research in Business Management group (SEJ478).

Juan Luis Peñaloza, Complutense University of Madrid

Juan Luis Peñaloza is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Statistics and Operations Research II (Decision Methods) at the Complutense University of Madrid. His current project is “Big Data, Demand and Supply of Justice, Judicial Services”. His research disciplines include Experimental Economics, Environmental Economics, and Behavioural Economics. He possesses expertise and experience in Game Theory, Decision Theory, Economic Analysis, and Applied Econometrics. Peñaloza’s work focuses on understanding complex decision-making processes and their applications in various economic contexts, contributing to advancements in both theoretical and applied economics.

Citas

Agardy, T., Alder, J., Dayton, P., Curran, S., Kitchingman, A., Wilson, M., & Catenazzi, A. (2005). Coastal systems. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems & Human Well‐Being, Volume 1: Current State and Trends, W. Reid, Ed. 513-549.

Aghabozorgi, S., Shirkhorshidi, A. S., & Wah, T. Y. (2015). Time-series clustering–A decade review. Information Systems, 53, 16-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2015.04.007

Barragán, J. M. (2003). Medio ambiente y desarrollo en áreas litorales. Introducción a la planificación y gestión integradas. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz.

Barragan, J. M. (2020). Progress of coastal management in Latin America and the Caribbean. Ocean & Coastal Management, 184, 105009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105009

Biodiversity (2015-2030) Costa Rica, Ministry of Environment and Energy. https://acortar.link/V4gKSZ

Campuzano, F. J., Mateus, M. D., Leitão, P. C., Leitão, P. C., Marín, V. H., Delgado, L. E., Tironi, A., Pierini, J. O., Sampaio, A., Almeida, P., & Neves, R. J. (2013). Integrated coastal zone management in South America: A look at three contrasting systems. Ocean & Coastal Management, 72, 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.08.002

Clark, J. R. (1996). Coastal Zone Management. Handbook. Lewis Publishers, New York.

COI-UNESCO / CPPS. (2016). Experiencias locales en el manejo costero integrado: Casos piloto SPINCAM en el Pacifico sudeste. Serie Técnica 127 - Dossier ICAM 9. UNESCO, Paris, 112p. bit.ly/3Y3HfQW

Comisión Colombiana del Océano (CCO). (2017). Política Nacional del Océano y los Espacios Costeros (Vol. 2017). (J. Soltau, R. Hurtado, A. Chadid, & A. Restrepo, Edits.) Bogotá D.C.: CCO. http://sinoc.cco.gov.co/docs/pnoec/pnoec-2017-11.pdf

Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). (June, 2023). Statistical yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean. bit.ly/3W1vxDW

Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur. CPPS (2014). Estado del medio ambiente marino y costero del pacífico sudeste. serie de estudios regionales no. 4. Guayaquil Ecuador. 242 p.

Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur. CPPS. (2023). https://cpps-int.org/

Comisión Permanente del Pacífico del Sur. CPPS. (2024). Plan de acción regional. acuerdos y convenios. https://cpps-int.org/index.php/principal/2014-09-05-19-59-12

CONPES 3990. Colombia Sustainable Bi-oceanic power 2030, (2020). National Council for Economic and Social Policy. National Planning Department. pp. 2-91 https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Econ%C3%B3micos/3990.pdf

Constitution of Ecuador 2008. Chapter 7: Rights of Nature, Legislative Decree 0U.S.C. https://www.oas.org/juridico/pdfs/mesicic4_ecu_const.pdf

Del Campo, C., Hermosa del Vasto, P., Urquía-Grande, E., & Jorge, S. (2020). Country performance in the South American region: a multivariate analysis. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(5), 390-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2020.1728314

Del Vasto, P. H., del Campo, C., Urquía-Grande, E., & Jorge, S. (2019). Designing an accountability index: A case study of South America Central Governments. Central European Journal of Public Policy, 13(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2478/cejpp-2019-0009

Dudley, N. (Ed.) (2018). Directrices para la aplicación de las estrategias de gestión de áreas protegidas. Gland, Suiza: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/paps-016-es.pdf

Economic Commission for Latin America. ECLAC. (2023). Statistical databases and publications. environmental. https://statistics.cepal.org/portal/cepalstat/dashboard.html?lang=en

El Convenio de Barcelona. Plan de acción para la Protección y el Desarrollo de la Cuenca del Mediterráneo (PAM). (1977) bit.ly/462Ttvc

Everitt, B., Landau, S., Leese, M., & Stahl, D. (2011). Cluster analysis (5th ed.). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Forestry and wildlife law Peru. Law 29763 (2024). Congress of the Republic https://acortar.link/XLvKCh

Forst, M. F. (2009). The convergence of integrated coastal zone management and the ecosystems approach. Ocean & Coastal Management, 52(6), 294-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.03.007

Guidelines for integrated management of coastal marine areas, Peru, (2015). Ministerial Resolution No. 189. https://acortar.link/PCGzkR

Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Helsinki Convention. Convenio sobre la Protección del Medio Marino de la Zona del Mar Báltico. Diario Oficial N° L 073 de 16/03/1994 p. 0002 - 0018, (1974). https://acortar.link/o6zP3X

Inter-institutional Commission of the Exclusive Economic Zone of Costa Rica. 2008. National Strategy for the Integrated Management of Marine and Coastal Resources in Costa Rica. of Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica.

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). (2005). Guidance on the application of the ecosystem approach to management of human activities in the European Marine Environment, ICES Cooperative Research Report, No 273. 22 pp.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) Chile. (June, 2022). Estadísticas. Retrieved from https://www.ine.cl/estadisticas/

Isla, F. I., & Schnack, E. J. (2009). The changing coastlines of South America. Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 13, 49-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-2025(08)10003-7

Kaufman, L., & Rousseeuw, P. (2009). Finding groups in data: An introduction to cluster analysis. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Law 371(2023) March 1. The protection and conservation of sea turtles and their habitats in the Republic of Panama. https://acortar.link/OTKrEE

Ministry of the Environment. (2022). National System of Natural Areas Protected by the State Perú. https://acortar.link/pzJdqj

National policy for the use of the coastal border of the republic's littoral. Decree 475 of Chile, Decree U.S.C. (1994). https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=13662

National environmental policy for the sustainable development of oceanic spaces and coastal and insular zones of Colombia - PNAOCI. Decree 1909 of 2000, Decree U.S.C. (2000). https://acortar.link/ir1Isl

National ocean and coastal policies (PNOC) Ecuador- Resolution nº 1-PCIMAR-2014. https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/es/c/LEX-FAOC183737/

National wetland strategy Peru (2015). Supreme Decree No. 004. Ministry of Environment. https://acortar.link/4Ld827

National policy and strategy of water resources Perú (2015). Suprem Decree No. 6. https://acortar.link/7SLuq2

National strategy on climate change to 2050 Perú (ENCC) in 2015. https://acortar.link/uLjAm6

National climate change adaptation policy Costa Rica (2018). https://cambioclimatico.minae.go.cr/politica-nacional-de-adaptacion/

National strategy for the conservation and protection of sea turtles Costa Rica (2018), https://acortar.link/Ms2dKq

National strategy for ecological management in seas and coasts Mexico (2018). bit.ly/4bIZMFw

Permanent Commission for the South Pacific (CPPS). (2014). Estado del medio ambiente marino y costero del Pacifico Sudeste. Serie de Estudios Regionales No. 4. Guayaquil, Ecuador. 242 p.

Pickaver, A. H., Gilbert, C., & Breton, F. (2004). An indicator set to measure the progress in the implementation of integrated coastal zone management in Europe. Ocean & Coastal Management, 47(9-10), 449-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.06.001

Policy for the integrated management of Guatemala's coastal marine zones (2009). Governmental Agreement No. 328. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/gua172936.pdf

Post, J. C., & Lundin, C. G. (1996). Guidelines for integrated coastal zone management (Vol. 9). Washington, DC: World Bank.

Registro Único Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (RUNAP). (2022). UICN indicadores Colombia. Retrieved from https://runap.parquesnacionales.gov.co/categoria/UICN/6

Sistema Nacional de Información Ambiental (SINIA) Chile. (May, 2022). Ministerio del Medio ambiente. Retrieved from https://sinia.mma.gob.cl/

Sistema Nacional de Información Ambiental (SINIA) Panamá́. (June, 2022). Ministerio del medio ambiente. Retrieved from https://www.sinia.gob.pa/

Southeast Pacific Data and Information Network in Support to Integrated Coastal Area Management (SPINCAM). (May, 2022). Web de SPINCAM. https://acortar.link/7koi39

Strategy for the integral and sustainable development of the coastal-marine strip of el Salvador. https://catalogosiidca.csuca.org/Record/UES.219824

The Coastal Law 690 (2009). Nicaragua. Law for the development of coastal zones. https://acortar.link/aunPF4

The coastal marine spatial plan (2017-2030) Ecuador, Resolution No. 002 CIM. 10 May 2017. https://acortar.link/yg2M5x

The Commission on the Protection of the Black Against Pollution. The Bucharest Convention on the Protection of the Black Against Pollution (1992). Retrieved

from http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_convention.asp

The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic. (OSPAR), (1992). Retrieved from https://www.ospar.org/convention/text

United Nations Environment Programme. UNEP. (1996). Directrices y criterios comunes para las áreas protegidas en la región del gran caribe: Identificación, selección, establecimiento gestión. bit.ly/3WoAcRN

United Nations Environment Programme. UNEP (2003). Water Resources Management in Latin America and the Caribbean. Technical Report. Fourteenth Meeting of the Forum of Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean. Panama City.

United Nations Environment Programme. UNEP (2016). GEO-6: Global Environment Outlook: Regional assessment for Latin America and the Caribbean. UNEP – UN Environment Programme.

United Nations. (2023). Human development index. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi

Vivas-Aguas, L., & Navarrete-Ramírez, S. (2014). Protocolo indicador calidad de agua (ICAMPFF). Indicadores de monitoreo biológico del subsistema de áreas marinas protegidas (SAMP). INVEMAR, GEF, PNUD. Serie de Publicaciones Generales del INVEMAR No 69. Santa Marta, Colombia 32 p.

Water 2017-2030 Costa Rica, Ministry of Environment and Energy https://acortar.link/mHdboO

Wetlands 2017-2030. Costa Rica, Ministry of Environment and Energy https://acortar.link/cpYGBE

Windevoxhel, N. J., Rodríguez, J. J., & Lahmann, E. J. (1999). Situation of integrated coastal zone management in Central America: Experiences of the IUCN wetlands and coastal zone conservation program. Ocean & coastal management, 42(2-4), 257-282.

World Bank. (2023). GDP per capita. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD