Self-regulation and motivation in English language learning in synchronous settings

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2026-1636

Keywords:

attitude, flipped classroom, synchronous online learning, self-regulation, university students, Communicative skills, motivation

Abstract

Introduction: The self-regulation and motivation are fundamental aspects for learning a second language through technological resources. This study was intended to analyze the self-regulation strategies (SRS) that are mostly used by English language students through the Flipped Classroom Model for Synchronous Settings (FCMSS) and their most significant motivations, as well as examines the relationship between self-regulation and motivation in the sample. Methodology: A quantitative approach was followed, with a cross-sectional design at a descriptive-correlational level, with 542 students. The Online Self-regulated English Learning Questionnaire (Zheng et al., 2018) and the Online Language Learning Motivation Questionnaire (Zheng et al., 2018) were used to collect the information. Results: It was found that SRS pertaining to ‘Structure of the environment’, ‘Task strategies’, and ‘Goal setting’ are the most employed by learners, and ‘Instrumentality promotion’ corresponds to the greatest motivation. The existence of a moderate positive correlation between self-regulation and motivation through this language learning approach was demonstrated. Discussions: The study emphasizes that SRS and motivational orientation enable the achievement of linguistic goals in learning English through FCMSS. Conclusions: Certain self-regulatory behaviors and the type of motivation preferred by the sample are essential for reaching linguistic objectives.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Juan Fernando Gómez, Antioquia Institute of Technology

Doctor of Education Sciences from Cuauhtémoc University in Mexico and Master's Degree in Applied Linguistics for Teaching English as a Foreign Language from the University of Jaén. Full-time English teacher in the Department of Basic Sciences and Common Areas at the Technological University of Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia). Researcher with the CBATA Group in the field of education for society. His research focuses on affective, cognitive and metacognitive factors in the learning of English as a foreign language.

References

An, Z., Wang, C., Li, S., Gan, Z. y Li, H. (2021). Technology-assisted self-regulated English language learning: Associations with English language self-efficacy, English enjoyment, and learning outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558466

Anjomshoa, L. y Firooz, S. (2015). The importance of motivation in second language learning acquisition. International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, 3(2), 126-137. https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijsell/v3-i2/12.pdf

Chang, C., Panjaburee, P., Lin, H., Lai, C. y Hwang, G. (2022). Effects of online strategies on students’ learning performance, self-efficacy, self-regulation and critical thinking in university online courses. Educational Technology Research and Development, 70, 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-021-10071-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-021-10071-y

Chen, Y.-T., Liou, S. y Chen, L. F. (2018). The relationships among gender, cognitive styles, learning strategies, and learning performance in the flipped classroom. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 35(4–5), 395-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1543082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1543082

Csizér, K. y Albert, Á. (2024). Gender-related differences in the effects of motivation, self-efficacy, and emotions on autonomous use of technology in second language learning. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 33, 819-828.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00808-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00808-z

Dörnyei, Z. (2018). Motivating students and teachers. En J. I. Liontas (Eds.), The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching (pp. 1-6). John Wiley y Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0128

Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. Edward Arnold (eds.). Cambridge University Press.

Gómez, J. F., Restrepo, J. E. y Díaz Larenas, C. (2024). Aprendizaje del inglés durante el covid-19: factores cognitivos, afectivos y ambiente de la clase. Revista Brasileira de Lingüística Aplicada, 24(2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-6398202418620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-6398202418620

Gómez Paniagua, J. F., Restrepo, J. E., Díaz, C. y Martínez Álvarez, J. A. (2024). Autoeficacia y actitud para el uso de herramientas web 2.0 en el aprendizaje del inglés en línea: diferencias por sexo. Texto Livre, 17, 1-15.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-3652.2024.49106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-3652.2024.49106

Haihong. L. y Jingju, D. (2024). A Survey on the Current Situation of Self-regulated Learning in Online Environment—Taking a Course of Chinese Culture as an Example. Automation and Machine Learning (2024) 5(1), 138-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/autml.2024.050118

Hernández Lalinde, J., Espinosa Castro, J., Peñaloza Tarazona, M., Rodríguez, J., Chacón Rangel, J., Toloza Sierra, C., Arenas Torrado, M., Carrillo Sierra, S. y Bermúdez Pirela, V. (2018). Sobre el uso adecuado del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson: Definición, propiedades y suposiciones. Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica, 37(5), 587–595. http://saber.ucv.ve/ojs/index.php/rev_aavft/article/view/16160

Khatun, M. y Halder, U. K. (2019). A study on the relation between emotional intelligence and academic achievement of higher secondary students. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 6(2), 199-202. http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_20544085.pdf

Kohnke, L., Zou, D. y Zhang, R. (2021). Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of emotions and self-regulatory learning in emergency remote learning. Sustainability, 13(13), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137111

Lehmann, T., Hähnlein, I. y Ifenthaler, D. (2014). Cognitive, metacognitive and motivational perspectives on preflection in self-regulated online learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.051

Li, H. y Deng, J. (2024). A Survey on the current situation of of self-regulated learning in online environment—taking a course of Chinese culture as an example. Automation and Machine Learning, 5(1), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.23977/autml.2024.050118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23977/autml.2024.050118

Lo, C. K. y Hew, K. F. (2020). Developing a flipped learning approach to support student engagement: A design-based research of secondary school mathematics teaching. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(1), 142-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12474 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12474

Ma, Q. y Chiu, M. M. (2024). Self-regulated and collaborative personalised vocabulary learning approach in MALL. Language Learning and Technology, 28(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10125/73579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73579

Madrid, D. (1999). La investigación de los factores motivacionales en el aula de idiomas. Departamento de didáctica de la lengua y de la literatura de la Universidad de Granada. Granada: Grupo Editorial Universitario.

Mahmoodi, M. H., Kalantari, B. y Ghaslani, R. (2014). Self-regulated learning (SRL), motivation and language achievement of Iranian EFL learners. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1062-1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.517 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.517

Marden, M. P. y Herrington, J. (2020). Design principles for integrating authentic activities in an online community of foreign language learners. Issues in Educational Research, 30(2), 635-654. https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/4208/

Marshall, H. y Rodríguez-Buitrago, C. (2017). The synchronous online flipped learning approach. TESOL. International Convention and English Language Expo, 16-18. https://newsmanager.commpartners.com/tesolteis/issues/2017-03-15/6.html

Martinović, A. y Sorić, I. (2018). The L2 motivational self-system, L2 interest, and L2 anxiety: A study of motivation and gender differences in the Croatian context. ExELL, 6(1),

37-56. https://doi.org/10.2478/exell-2019-0005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/exell-2019-0005

Mora, C., Mahecha, J. y Carrasco, F. (2020). Procesos de autorregulación del aprendizaje y desempeño académico en estudiantes de pregrado bajo la modalidad virtual. Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, 11(2), 191-206. https://doi.org/10.17981/cultedusoc.11.2.2020.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17981/cultedusoc.11.2.2020.12

Mustofa, R. F., Nabiila, A. y Suharsono, S. (2019). Correlation of learning motivation with self-regulated learning at SMA Negeri 1 Tasikmalaya City. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 1(6), 647-650. https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v1i6.1750 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v1i6.1750

Núñez, J. C., Suárez, N., Rosário, P., Vallejo, G., Valle, A. y Epstein, J. L. (2015). Relationships between perceived parental involvement in homework, student homework behaviors, and academic achievement: Differences among elementary, junior high, and high school students. Metacognition Learning, 10, 375-406.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-015-9135-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-015-9135-5

Park, E. (2024). Using teacher-made authentic materials for efl vocational high school students’ career-related vocabulary learning. Issues in Language Studies, 13(1), 432-448. https://doi.org/10.33736/ils.5799.2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33736/ils.5799.2024

Pelikan, E. R., Lüftenegger, M., Holzer, J., Korlat, S., Spiel, C. y Schober, B. (2021). Learning during COVID-19: The role of self-regulated learning, motivation, and procrastination for perceived competence. Zeitschrift Fur Erziehungswissenschaft, 24, 393-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-021-01002-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-021-01002-x

Pylväs, L., Nokelainen, P. y Rintala, H. (2022). Vocational Students’ perceptions of self-regulated learning in work-based VET. Vocations and Learning, 15(2), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-022-09286-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-022-09286-8

Qiao, H. y Zhao, A. (2023). Artificial intelligence-based language learning: Illuminating the impact on speaking skills and self-regulation in Chinese EFL context. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(Noviembre 2). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1255594 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1255594

Redjeki, G. P. D. y Hapsari, A. (2022). EFL undergraduate students’ online self-regulated learning strategies during COVID-19 pandemic. Celtic, 9(1), 82-96. https://doi.org/10.22219/celtic.v9i1.21066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22219/celtic.v9i1.21066

Shih, M., Liang, J. C. y Tsai, C. C. (2019). Exploring the role of university students’ online self-regulated learning in the flipped classroom: A structural equation model. Interactive Learning Environments, 27(8), 1192-1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1541909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1541909

Sulha, A. H., Famela, A. K. y Harahap, A. T. A. (2021). The implementation of synchronous and asynchronous learning in English as foreign language setting. Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 1(1), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v1i1.50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51574/ijrer.v1i1.50

Tang, T., Abuhmaid, A. M., Olaimat, M., Oudat, D. M., Aldhaeebi, M. y Bamanger, E. (2020). Efficiency of flipped classroom with online-based teaching under COVID-19. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1817761 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1817761

Teng, M. F. Wang, C. y Wu, J. G. (2023). Metacognitive strategies, language learning motivation, self-Efficacy belief, and English achievement during remote learning: A structural equation modelling approach. RELC Journal, 54(3), 648-666. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882211040268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882211040268

Wang, W. y Zhan, J. (2020). The relationship between English language learner characteristics and online self-regulation: A structural equation modeling approach. Sustainability, 12(7), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12073009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12073009

Xiu, Y. y Thompson, P. (2020). Flipped university class: A study of motivation and learning. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 19, 41-63. https://doi.org/10.28945/4500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.28945/4500

You, C. y Dörnyei, Z. (2016). Language learning motivation in China: Results of a large-scale stratified survey. Applied Linguistics, 37(4), 495-519. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu046

Yue, Z., Zhao, K., Meng, Y., Qian, X. y Wu, L. (2022). Toward a Better Understanding of Language Learning Motivation in a Study Abroad Context: An Investigation Among Chinese English as a Foreign Language Learners. Front Psychol, 28(13). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855592

Zheng, C., Liang, J. C., Li, M. y Tsai, C. C. (2018). The relationship between English language learners’ motivation and online self-regulation: A structural equation modelling approach. System, 76(Agosto), 144-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.05.003

Zheng, X., Luo, L. y Liu, C. (2023). Facilitating undergraduates’ online self-regulated learning: The role of teacher feedback. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 32(6), 805-816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-022-00697-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-022-00697-8

Zimmerman, B. J. y Kitsantas, A. (2014). Comparing students’ self-discipline and self-regulation measures and their prediction of academic achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(2), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.03.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.03.004

Zimmerman, B. J. y Moylan, A. R. (2009). Self-regulation where metacognition and motivation intersect. En D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky y A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Handbook of Metacognition in Education (pp. 299-315). Routledge.

Published

2025-10-13

How to Cite

Gómez, J. F., Rúa Cardona, A. F., Álvarez Martínez, J. A., & Díaz Larenas, C. (2025). Self-regulation and motivation in English language learning in synchronous settings. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 11, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2026-1636

Issue

Section

Cover articles