Evaluation of Assertiveness in Secondary School Students: An Analysis of Self-Assertiveness and Heteroassertiveness Using the ADCA-1 Questionnaire

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2025-1968

Keywords:

Assertiveness, Self-assertiveness, Hetero-assertiveness, Social skills, Students, Adolescence, Interpersonal competence, Emotional development

Abstract

Introduction: This research aims to evaluate assertive skills in secondary school students: self-assertiveness and hetero-assertiveness through the ADCA-1 Questionnaire. From the perspective of educational psychology, self-assertiveness (expression of one's own feelings) and hetero-assertiveness (respect towards the expression of others) are examined. Methodology: A quantitative approach was adopted, with the research being descriptive and comparative. Using an adaptation of the ADCA-1 questionnaire, 20 students from a private school in Arequipa, Peru, were surveyed. The data were organized and processed in Excel and SPSS 23 spreadsheets, using descriptive statistics and Cronbach's alpha coefficients above 0.80. Results: For total assertiveness, 50% were at a medium level, 25% at a low level, and 25% at a high level, aligning with the level of hetero-assertiveness. In contrast, self-assertiveness showed greater variability with 55% at a medium level, 25% at a low level, and 20% at a high level. Discussions: The results indicate moderate assertive skills in most students, with a need for additional support at low levels, especially in self-assertiveness. Conclusions: Although most students demonstrate medium-level assertive skills, hetero-assertiveness is comparatively evaluated more favorably than self-assertiveness.

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Author Biography

Mariana Esther Tovar Yucra, Universidad Católica de Santa María

Psychology student at the Catholic University of Santa María. She has participated as a speaker at international and national scientific conferences, and has publications on social skills, communication, gender and transmedia. She did internships in public and private educational institutions in Arequipa as psychopedagogical staff. She has clinical experience in hospitals and health centres, providing direct patient care. In the organisational field, she focused on human resources and personnel management. In addition, she contributed in social support centres, showing her commitment to the community. She also worked in municipalities and community mental health centres. This journey has allowed her to develop skills in various areas of psychology: educational, clinical, social and organisational.

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Published

2025-03-19

How to Cite

Tovar Yucra, M. E. (2025). Evaluation of Assertiveness in Secondary School Students: An Analysis of Self-Assertiveness and Heteroassertiveness Using the ADCA-1 Questionnaire. European Public & Social Innovation Review, 10, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2025-1968

Issue

Vol. 10 (2025)

Section

Innovation through Psychosociology

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Copyright (c) 2025 Mariana Esther Tovar Yucra

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