Escala para medir la Percepción sobre Problemáticas Costeras: Diseño y validación en localidades litorales del sur de Chile

Alejandro Retamal Maldonado; Valentina Ulloa Jiménez; Nancy Alarcón Henríquez; César Pérez Guarda

doi:10.31637/epsir-2026-2057

Authors

Alejandro Retamal Maldonado Universidad de Los Lagos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2968-6072
Valentina Ulloa Jiménez Universidad de Los Lagos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0678-5534
Nancy Alarcón Henríquez Universidad de Los Lagos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3025-0257
César Pérez Guarda Universidad de Los Lagos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5183-6030

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir-2026-2057

Keywords:

instrument design, questionnaire validation, scale, perception, coastal zones, coastal governance, territorial conflicts, exploratory factor analysis

Abstract

Introduction: This article presents the process of developing and validating a questionnaire designed to measure residents' perceptions of coastal area issues. Method: The questionnaire was designed based on Barragán's Integrated Coastal Zone Management model, resulting in an initial instrument with 40 items distributed across four dimensions: Environmental, Socioeconomic, Political-Legislative, and Sociocultural. It was subsequently reviewed by experts and subjected to a pilot test, leading to a refinement to 32 items. To evaluate its construct validity and internal consistency, it was applied to a sample of 357 residents from two coastal communities in the Los Lagos Region of Chile: Carelmapu and Hualaihué. Results: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach’s alpha confirmed the instrument’s adequacy in terms of factorial structure (KMO = 0.8; explained variance = 50.3%) and reliability (alpha = 0.8). Discussion: As a result, the questionnaire was reduced to 23 items, reorganized into four dimensions: Socio-environmental Aspects, Economic Development, Territorial Governance, and Territorial Conflicts. Conclusions: The study confirms the validity and reliability of the instrument, as well as its usefulness for gathering information to guide the design of public policies focused on the sustainable governance of coastal zones.

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Author Biographies

Alejandro Retamal Maldonado, Universidad de Los Lagos

A sociologist from the University of Concepción, Chile, he holds a PhD in Humanities with a focus on discourse and culture from the Austral University of Chile. He is currently a professor and researcher at the Center for Regional Development Studies and Public Policy at the University of Los Lagos (CEDER ULAGOS). His main areas of recent research have focused on socio-territorial issues and conflicts on the coasts of southern Chile, in relation to socio-territorial movements, sustainable development, and coastal governance in this relational space. Since 2008, he has led research teams as Principal Investigator on initiatives awarded through public competitions, resulting in a series of peer-reviewed and indexed scientific publications.

Valentina Ulloa Jiménez, Universidad de Los Lagos

Psychologist and researcher with a Master's degree in Social Research Methods from the University of Manchester and a PhD candidate in the Social Sciences in Territorial Studies program at the University of Los Lagos. She holds a Diploma in Multivariate Analysis Methods and in the Formulation and Evaluation of Public Projects from the University of Chile. Since 2013, she has worked as a researcher and methodological consultant in various areas of psychology, political sociology, and currently in violence, justice, children, and gender, in university and national NGO contexts. She has 17 scientific publications on these topics and has also worked as a lecturer and teaching assistant at three universities.

Nancy Alarcón Henríquez, Universidad de Los Lagos

Master's degree in Business Administration, Commercial Engineering, and Bachelor's degree in Administrative Sciences. Professor in the Department of Government and Public Management at the University of Los Lagos. Associate Researcher at the Network of Researchers in University Governance and Educational Institutions (RIGUED) and the Interuniversity Institute for Educational Research (IESED-CHILE). Her research interests include university governance, organizational management, and quality. She has provided advisory services and consulting services to public and private organizations. She facilitates courses and workshops in management. She directs research and technology transfer projects. She is also an academic coordinator in the field of management and administration. She has published approximately twenty articles in peer-reviewed and indexed scientific journals.

César Pérez Guarda, Universidad de Los Lagos

Graduate of Anthropology from the Universidad Austral de Chile. His areas of interest are the Mapuche language and its revitalization, and qualitative social research. He provides research support for various projects funded by the National Agency for Research and Development (Chile), primarily in qualitative data collection and analysis.

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